Computer Terms Full Forms

General Computer Short Term and related full form terminology as:

Short Term	Full Form
ABC	Atanasoff-Berry Computer
AMD	Advanced Micro Devices
AI	Artificial Intelligence
ALU	Arithmetic and Logic Unit
ANSI	American National Standards Institute
ASCII	American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ATM	Automated teller machine or Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AVI	Audio Visual Interleave
BIOS	Basic Input Output System
CD	Compact Disk
CU	Control Unit
CRT	Cathode Ray Tube
CGI	Common Gatweay Interface
CRC	Cyclic Redundancy Check
CPU	Central Processing Unit
CAD	Computer Aided Design
CUI	Character User Interface
CAI	Computer Aided Instruction
CAL	Computer Aided Learning
CAM	Computer Aided Manufacturing
CSMA/CD	Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
CVT	constant voltage transformer!
DARPA	Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DHCP	Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DIMM	Dual In-line Memory Module
DMA	Dynamic Memory Access
DPI	Dot Per Inch
DVD	Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc
EDI	Electronic Data Interchange
EDO-RAM	extended data output-RAM
FAT	File Allocation Table
FLOPS	Floating Point Instruction Per Second
FAX	Far Away Xerox
FDC	Floppy Disk Controller
GIGO	Garbage In Garbage Out
GUI	Griphical User Interface
GPL	General Public Language
HD	Hyper Definiation
HDD	Hard Disk Drive
HDC	Hard Disk Controller
IDE	Integrated Development Environment
IRC	Internet Relay Chat
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF	Internet Engineering Task Force
IGMP	Internet Group Management Protocol
ISDN	Integrated Service Digital Network
LASER	Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LCD	Liquid Crystal Display
LED	Light Emitting Diode
MICR	Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MIDI	Musical Instrument Digital Interface
NASSCOM	National Association of Software and Services Companies
NFS	Network File System
NTFS	New Technology File System
OCR	Optical Character Recognition
OLE	Object Linking and Embedding
OOP	Object Oriented Programming
OMR	Optical Mark Recognition
PATA	Parallel advanced technology attachment
P-COMMERCE	Pipe-Commerce
PDF	Portable Document Format
PRM	Rotate Per Minute
QOS	Quality Of Service
RAID	Redundant Array of Independent Disks or Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
RAM	RAndom Access Memory
ROM	Read Only Memory
RJ	Registered Jack
RTF	Rich Text Format
SATA	Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
S-D-RAM	Synchronous dynamic random access memory
SIMM	single in-line memory module
SMPS	Switching-Mode Power Supply
UNIAC	UNIVersal Automatic Computer
UPS	Un-interruptable Power Supply
USB	Universal Serial Bus
UUCP	Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol
VGA	Video Graphics Array
VSAT	Very Small Aperture Terminal
WAIS	Wide Area Information System
WAV	Waveform Audio
WI-FI	Wireless Fidelity
WMF	Windows Metafile Format
WORM	Write Once Read More
WYSIWYG	what you see is what you get
ZIP	Zigzag Inline Package or zicxac inline pin

Computer images extension Short form & related full form terms:

Short Term	Full Form
BMP	BitMap Picture
JPEG/JPG	Joint Photographic Expert Group
GIF	Graphic Interchange Format
PNG	Portable Networks Graphics
TIFF	Tagged Image File Format

Computer Network & Internet Short form & related full form terms:

Short Term	Full Form
ARPA NET	Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
DLL	Data Link Layer
DNS	Domain Name System
HTML	Hyper Text Mark-up Language
ICMP	Internet Control Message Protocol
IMAP	Internet Message Access Protocol
INTERNET	Inter Network
ISP	Internet Service Provider
LLC	Logical Link Control
MAC	Media Access Control
NNTP	Network News Transfer Protocol
POP-3	Post Office Protocol Version-3
SMIME	Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
SNMP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SSL	Secure Sockets Layer
TLS	Transport Layer Security
TCP/IP	Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
FTP	File Transfer Protocol
VOIP	Voice Over Internet Protocol
VPN	Virtual Private Network
WWW	World Wide Web
URL	Uniform Resource Locator
LAN	Local Area Network
MAN	Metropolitan Area Network
WAN	Wide Area Network

Computer language Short form & related full form terms:

Short Term	Full Form
BASIC	Beginner All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
FORTRAN	FORmula TRANslation
COBOL	COmmon Business Oriented Language
PHP	PHP : Hypertext Preprocessor
ASP	Active Server Pages
CSS	Cascading Style Sheet
XML	eXtensible Mark-up Language

Repeaters

Repeaters are also called Re-generator.

Repeaters is only hardware device.

Repeaters re-generate the original bit pattern.

Figure: Repeaters in Computer Network

The purpose of repeater is to extend the LAN segment beyond its physical limits.


Repeaters are used to connect two physically close building together.

Repeaters operate at the  "Physical layer" of OSI model.

Repeaters can join two different physical physical media  but they must use the same access method.

Repeaters handle only the electrical and physical characteristics of the signal.

Repeaters works only the same type of physical layer as Ethernet-to-Ethernet.

Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model

Question: What is OSI model? Elaborate your answer.

Answer:  

The OSI stand for "Open System Interconnection".

It was first introduced in the late 1970s by the ISO (International Standard Organization).

An OSI is a set of protocol that allow any two different system to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture.

The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a model for understanding and designing a network architecture that is flexible, robust, and inter-operable.

It consists of seven separate but related layers, each of which defines a part of the process of moving information across network.

These seven layers of OSI model can be divided into two categories:

1. Upper Layer (Application Layer):
• This part consist three top layer as: Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer.
• These layers provide the application services required for the exchange of information.
2. Lower Layer ( Data Transport):
• These layer consist remaining four layers as: Physical layer, Data link, Network layer, Transport layer.
• These layers handle the data transport issues.
• In other word these layers provides the end-to-end service necessary for the transfer of data between two system.

Figure: Layers of OSI reference model

1. Physical Layer
• The data units on this layer are called bits.
• This is also concerned with the following:
• Interface between the device and the transmission medium.
• Types of transmission media
• Signals may be electrical or optical
• Data rate
• connection
• Topology
• Transfer rate
• Repeaters & Hub are used in physical lyaer.
2. Date Link Layer (DLL)
• The data unit on this layer is called frame (Group of bits )
• This layer divided into two sub layers:
1. Media Access Control ( MAC )
• The MAC sub-layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to link resources and grant permission to transmit it.
2. Logical Link Control ( LLC )
• The LLC layer controls frame synchronization  flow control and error checking.
• In summarize DLL is responsible for hop to hop delivery:
• Framing
• physical Addressing
• Error Control
• "Bridge" uses in DLL.
3. Network Layer
• The unit of data at network layer is called packet or Data-gram.
• The network layer establish a route between sending & receiving stations.
• "Router" device used in network layer.
• Network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery:
• Packet
• Logical Addressing
• Routing
4. Transport Layer
• In this layer data unit called segment.
• The transport layer is responsible for overall end-to-end validity and integrity of the transmission.
• "Gateway" devices used in transport layer.
• Transport layer responsible for process-to-process delivery as:
• Port Addressing
• Segmentation
• Segmentation and Reassembly
• Connection Control
• Flow Control
5. Session Layer
• The session layer decided when to turn communication ON and OFF between two computers.
• The session layer responsible for following:
• Dialog Controller
• Synchronization
• Translation
• Encryption
6. Presentation Layer
• In this layer data packet unit called is "Presentation Protocol Data Unit".
• It perform code conversion and data reformatting.
• Compression
7. Application Layer
• The application layer is the top layer of OSI model.
• It defines the language and syntax that programs uses to communicate with other programs.
• The application layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network and services.

In summarize OSI model is as: ( source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model )

Figure: OSI model & Functionlity

Gateway

Q. What is Gateway?

Answer:

A gateway is hardware & software devices

Gateway is used to interconnect LAN & WAN.

Figure: Gateway in Networking

Gateway makes communication possible between different architecture & environment.

Gateway perform protocol and date onversion.

A gateway operate at the "Transport Layer" and above.



Gateway uses all 7 layers on OSI models.

Routers

Question: What is routers?

Answer:

A router is a special purpose computer, that allows to connect to multiple computer networks.

Routers are both hardware & software devices.

Figure: Routers in computer networking

Router can connect network segments, and filters and isolate traffic.


Unlike a bridge, a router can connect networks that uses different technology, addressing methods, media types, frame format speeds.

Routers operator at "Network Layer" in OSI model.

Figure: Routers in Networking

Bridge

A bridge segment or divide a network to isolate traffic related problem.

A bridge sends the data frames only to the concerned segment.

Bridges are used to connect dis-similar network like ethernet system to Token Ring-System. Thus bridge used to join network using CSMA/CD access and token passing access.

Figure: Bridge in Networking 

Bridge are both hardware and software devices.


Bridge operate "Date Link Layer" in OSI model.

The purpose of bridge as :

1. Isolate network by MAC addresses.
2. Manage network traffic by filtering packet.
3. Translate from one protocol to another.

Hub

Hubs are also called "Multi port repeaters" or "concentrators".

Hub is hardware devices.

Figure: Hubs in computer networking

Hub is similar to repeaters, except that it broadcast data received by any port to tall other parts on the hub.


Hubs are used to provide a physical star topology.

Hubs operators at "Physical layer" in OSI model.

Random Number Pyramid

Q. Write a C program to print the any entered number, digit pyramid,

For example:

if entered number is : 87954
then output must be as:

87954
7954
954
54
4

Ans.

/*c program for random digit pyramid*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int n[50],i,j=0,k,r,c,len;
 printf("Enter total length of number : ");
 scanf("%d", &len);
 printf("\nNote: Entered digit MUST be single.\n\n");
 for(i=0; i<len; i++)
 {


   printf("Enter %d single digit : ",i+1);
   scanf("%d", &n[i]);
 }
 printf("\n");
 for(r=1; r<=len; r++,j++)
 {
  for(c=r,k=j; c<=len; c++,k++)
     printf("%d",n[k]);
  printf("\n");
 }
 getch();
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen shot for Random Number Pyramid C program

Diamond Pattern C program

Q. Write a C program to print the following diamond pattern as:

4
434
43234
4321234
43234
434
4

Ans.

/*c program for diamond pattern*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int num,r,c,z,n,nm,no;
 printf("Enter max. number : ");
 scanf("%d", &num);
 nm = num+1;
 for(r=1; r<=num; r++,nm--)
 {
  for(c=1,n=num; c<=r; c++,n--)
     printf("%d",n);
  for(z=nm,c=1; c<r; c++,z++)
     printf("%d",z);
  printf("\n");
 }

 no = num-1;
 for(r=1; r<=num; r++,no++)
 {
  for(c=num; c>r; c--)
     printf("%d",c);
  for(z=no,c=num-2; c>=r; c--,z++)
     printf("%d",z);
  printf("\n");
 }
 getch();
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen-shot for diamond pattern C program

Number Triangle

Q. Write a C program to print the following number triangle/pyramid program:

1
12
123
1234
123
12
1

Ans.

/*c program for number triangle*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int num,n,r,c,z;
 printf("Enter max. number : ");
 scanf("%d", &num);
 for(r=1; r<=num; r++)
 {
   for(c=1; c<=r; c++)
     printf("%d",c);
   printf("\n");
 }

 for(r=1; r<num; r++)
 {
   for(c=num,z=1; c>r; c--,z++)
     printf("%d",z);
   printf("\n");
 }
 getch();
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen-shot for number triangle C program

Number-Character Pattern

Q. Write a C program to print the following number-character pattern as:

1111111
1A1AAAA
1AA1AAA
1AAA1AA
1AAAA1A
1AAAAA1
1111111

Ans.

/*c program for number-character pattern*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int num=7,r,c,z;
 printf("1111111\n");
 for(r=1; r<=5; r++)
 {
  for(c=1; c<=num; c++)
  {

   if(c==1)
     printf("1");
   else
   {
     if( (r==1 && c==3) || (r==2 && c==4) || (r==3 && c==5) || (r==4 && c==6) || (r==5 && c==7) )
        printf("1");
     else
        printf("A");
   }
  }
  printf("\n");
 }
 printf("1111111");
 getch();
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen-shot for number-character pattern C program

 

Odd Number Pyramid

Q. Write a C program to print the following odd number pyramid as:

1
3 5
5 7 9
7 9 11 13

Ans.

/*c program for odd number pyramid*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int num,r,c,z=1,p;
 printf("Enter no. of rows : ");
 scanf("%d", &num);
 for(r=1; r<=num; r++,z=z+2)
 {
  for(c=1,p=z; c<=r; c++,p=p+2)
      printf(" %d",p);
  printf("\n");
 }

 getch();
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen-shot for odd number pyramid C program