Bridge

A bridge segment or divide a network to isolate traffic related problem.

A bridge sends the data frames only to the concerned segment.

Bridges are used to connect dis-similar network like ethernet system to Token Ring-System. Thus bridge used to join network using CSMA/CD access and token passing access.

Figure: Bridge in Networking 

Bridge are both hardware and software devices.


Bridge operate "Date Link Layer" in OSI model.

The purpose of bridge as :

1. Isolate network by MAC addresses.
2. Manage network traffic by filtering packet.
3. Translate from one protocol to another.

Hub

Hubs are also called "Multi port repeaters" or "concentrators".

Hub is hardware devices.

Figure: Hubs in computer networking

Hub is similar to repeaters, except that it broadcast data received by any port to tall other parts on the hub.


Hubs are used to provide a physical star topology.

Hubs operators at "Physical layer" in OSI model.

Random Number Pyramid

Q. Write a C program to print the any entered number, digit pyramid,

For example:

if entered number is : 87954
then output must be as:

87954
7954
954
54
4

Ans.

/*c program for random digit pyramid*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int n[50],i,j=0,k,r,c,len;
 printf("Enter total length of number : ");
 scanf("%d", &len);
 printf("\nNote: Entered digit MUST be single.\n\n");
 for(i=0; i<len; i++)
 {


   printf("Enter %d single digit : ",i+1);
   scanf("%d", &n[i]);
 }
 printf("\n");
 for(r=1; r<=len; r++,j++)
 {
  for(c=r,k=j; c<=len; c++,k++)
     printf("%d",n[k]);
  printf("\n");
 }
 getch();
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen shot for Random Number Pyramid C program

Diamond Pattern C program

Q. Write a C program to print the following diamond pattern as:

4
434
43234
4321234
43234
434
4

Ans.

/*c program for diamond pattern*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int num,r,c,z,n,nm,no;
 printf("Enter max. number : ");
 scanf("%d", &num);
 nm = num+1;
 for(r=1; r<=num; r++,nm--)
 {
  for(c=1,n=num; c<=r; c++,n--)
     printf("%d",n);
  for(z=nm,c=1; c<r; c++,z++)
     printf("%d",z);
  printf("\n");
 }

 no = num-1;
 for(r=1; r<=num; r++,no++)
 {
  for(c=num; c>r; c--)
     printf("%d",c);
  for(z=no,c=num-2; c>=r; c--,z++)
     printf("%d",z);
  printf("\n");
 }
 getch();
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen-shot for diamond pattern C program

Number Triangle

Q. Write a C program to print the following number triangle/pyramid program:

1
12
123
1234
123
12
1

Ans.

/*c program for number triangle*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int num,n,r,c,z;
 printf("Enter max. number : ");
 scanf("%d", &num);
 for(r=1; r<=num; r++)
 {
   for(c=1; c<=r; c++)
     printf("%d",c);
   printf("\n");
 }

 for(r=1; r<num; r++)
 {
   for(c=num,z=1; c>r; c--,z++)
     printf("%d",z);
   printf("\n");
 }
 getch();
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen-shot for number triangle C program

Number-Character Pattern

Q. Write a C program to print the following number-character pattern as:

1111111
1A1AAAA
1AA1AAA
1AAA1AA
1AAAA1A
1AAAAA1
1111111

Ans.

/*c program for number-character pattern*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int num=7,r,c,z;
 printf("1111111\n");
 for(r=1; r<=5; r++)
 {
  for(c=1; c<=num; c++)
  {

   if(c==1)
     printf("1");
   else
   {
     if( (r==1 && c==3) || (r==2 && c==4) || (r==3 && c==5) || (r==4 && c==6) || (r==5 && c==7) )
        printf("1");
     else
        printf("A");
   }
  }
  printf("\n");
 }
 printf("1111111");
 getch();
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen-shot for number-character pattern C program

 

Odd Number Pyramid

Q. Write a C program to print the following odd number pyramid as:

1
3 5
5 7 9
7 9 11 13

Ans.

/*c program for odd number pyramid*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int num,r,c,z=1,p;
 printf("Enter no. of rows : ");
 scanf("%d", &num);
 for(r=1; r<=num; r++,z=z+2)
 {
  for(c=1,p=z; c<=r; c++,p=p+2)
      printf(" %d",p);
  printf("\n");
 }

 getch();
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen-shot for odd number pyramid C program